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25,000 IU of vitamin A is equivalent to 7.5 mg of all-trans-retinol.
beta-carotene, has not been associated with vitamin A toxic effects
The National Research Council’s recommended dietary allowance for vitamin A during pregnancy is 1,000 retinol equivalents (RE)/day, which is equivalent to 3,300 IU as retinol or 5,000 IU of vitamin A
Supplementation of 8,000 IU vitamin A (as retinol/retinyl esters) per day should be considered the recommended maximum prior to or during pregnancy
Retinal Formula: C20H28O
1 mcg of Retinol is assumed to be biologically equivalent to 6 mcg of beta-carotene or 12 mcg of mixed dietary carotenoids.
http://teratology.org/pubs/vitamina.htm
An mcg is a micro-gram, while an mg is a milligram. There are 1000 micro-grams in 1 milligram, and there re 1000 milligrams in one full gram.
http://www.ask.com/question/how-many-mcg-make-1-mg
1 I.U. | = | 0.3 | mcg | vitamin A | alcohol (retinol) |
= | 0.344 | mcg | vitamin A | acetate (retinyl acetate) | |
= | 0.55 | mcg | vitamin A | palmitate (retinyl palmitate) | |
or, measuring the activity of 1 mg of each compound: | |||||
1 mg retinol = |
3,333 | I.U. | vitamin A | ||
1 mg retinyl acetate = |
2,907 | I.U. | vitamin A | ||
1 mg retinyl palmitate = |
1,818 | vitamin A |
http://www.twydil.com/en-twyd/tools2/3.vit/fr4vita8.htm
retinal vs retinol retinal retinol difference
- Retinol is actually the natural animal form of vitamin A. It is a part of the food we eat to nourish our bodies.
-
Retinol is a form of Vitamin A that plays an important role in anti-aging skin care. The purest and most active form of Vitamin A, Retinol aids in the resurfacing and rejuvenating of skin – See more at: http://www.chacha.com/question/what-is-the-difference-between-retinol-and-retinal#sthash.9B901h7o.dpuf
retinal although retinal, or vitamin A aldehyde, is the form involved in the visual process in the retina of the eye. A metabolite of retinol with high biological activity may be an even more direct active form than retinol
vitamin a deficiency test
Normal values range from 50 to 200 micrograms per deciliter. nih us.
daily need of vitamin a
- 1 IU 0.03mcg
- 1mg 1000 mcg
- 1gram 1000mg
- 1kg 1000grams
- 1 Quinta 100kg
- 1 ton 100 Quinta
iu (international unit),
mcg (microgram)
mg (milligram)
1 gram kg (kilogram).
A vitamin tablets retinyl palmitate daily dose one
retinyl palmitate contains 25000 iu vitamin a or 7.5 mg of retinol
the company USV limited the cost for 30 capsule 21 Rupees in Indian currency.
does retinyl palmitate work
The Daily Value for vitamin A is 5,000-7,000 IU.
vitamin A consumption while sitting on computer per hour.
vitamin A toxicity limit
Children (ages 4 to 8): 3,000 IU
Children (ages 9 to 13): 5,610 IU
Teenagers (ages 14 to 18): 9,240 IU
Adults (age 19 and older): 10,000 IU
Excessive use of alcohol: Drinking alcohol may increase vitamin A’s potentially harmful effects on the liver.
vitamin a food sources list by percentage measurement
Animal Sources of Vitamin A
|
Serving
|
Vitamin A
(IU) |
%RDA
Women |
%RDA
Men |
Polar bear liver |
1 oz
|
100,000 IU
|
4,330%
|
3,330%
|
Turkey giblets |
½ cup
|
25,950
|
1120%
|
865%
|
Beef liver |
3 oz
|
22,175
|
960%
|
740%
|
Cod liver oil |
1 tsp
|
4,500
|
200%
|
150%
|
Chicken liver |
3 oz
|
4,255
|
185%
|
140%
|
Braunschweiger (liver sausage) |
2 slices
|
7,975
|
345%
|
265%
|
Beef stew, canned |
1 cup
|
3,860
|
165%
|
130%
|
Malted drink mix, w/ whole milk |
1 cup
|
3,032
|
130%
|
100%
|
Centrum Multi, Original & Silver |
1 tablet
|
2,485
|
110%
|
80%
|
Slim Fast |
1 can
|
809
|
35%
|
25%
|
Kellogg’s Product 19 |
1 cup
|
750
|
30%
|
25%
|
Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain Cereal Bar |
1 bar
|
750
|
30%
|
25%
|
Fortified breakfast cereals |
1 cup
|
500–750
|
20–30%
|
15-25%
|
Ensure |
1 can
|
578
|
25%
|
20%
|
Kellogg’s Raisin Bran |
1 cup
|
517
|
20%
|
15%
|
Skim milk, added vitamin A |
1 cup
|
500
|
20%
|
15%
|
Margarine, added vitamin A |
1 tbsp
|
500
|
20%
|
15%
|
Butter |
1 tbsp
|
355
|
15%
|
10%
|
Egg |
1 large
|
335
|
15%
|
10%
|
Salmon |
3.5 oz
|
324
|
15%
|
10%
|
Cheddar cheese |
1 oz
|
284
|
12%
|
9%
|
Whole milk |
1 cup
|
250
|
10%
|
8%
|
Plant Sources of Vitamin A
(as carotenoids) |
Serving
|
Vitamin A
(IU) |
%RDA
Women |
%RDA
Men |
Sweet potato |
1 med.
|
28,058
|
1215%
|
935%
|
Pumpkin, canned |
½ cup
|
19,065
|
825%
|
635%
|
Carrots, cooked |
½ cup
|
13,418
|
580%
|
445%
|
Spinach, cooked |
½ cup
|
11,458
|
495%
|
380%
|
Collards, cooked |
½ cup
|
9,769
|
420%
|
325%
|
Kale, cooked |
½ cup
|
9,558
|
415%
|
320%
|
Turnip greens, cooked |
½ cup
|
8,828
|
380%
|
290%
|
Winter squash |
½ cup
|
5,353
|
230%
|
175%
|
Red peppers, cooked |
½ cup
|
3,738
|
160%
|
125%
|
Cantaloupe |
1 cup
|
5,411
|
235%
|
180%
|
Lettuce, Green Leaf |
1 cup
|
4,147
|
180%
|
135%
|
Green peas, cooked |
1 cup
|
3,360
|
145%
|
110%
|
Apricots, dried |
3
|
2,022
|
88%
|
65%
|
Butternut squash, cooked |
1⁄2 cup
|
1,900 IU
|
80%
|
60%
|
Broccoli, cooked |
½ cup
|
1,208
|
52%
|
40%
|
Source: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18
Vitamin A is found naturally in many foods:
- cod liver oil (30000 μg)
- liver (turkey) (8058 μg 895%)
- liver (beef, pork, fish) (6500 μg 722%)
- liver (chicken) (3296 μg 366%)
- dandelion greens (5588 IU 112%)[18]
- sweet potato (961 μg 107%)
- carrot (835 μg 93%)
- broccoli leaf (800 μg 89%) – According to USDA database broccoli florets have much less.[19]
- broccoli florets (31 μg 3%)
- butter (684 μg 76%)
- kale (681 μg 76%)
- spinach (469 μg 52%)
- pumpkin (400 μg 41%)
- collard greens (333 μg 37%)
- Cheddar cheese (265 μg 29%)
- cantaloupe melon (169 μg 19%)
- egg (140 μg 16%)
- apricot (96 μg 11%)
- papaya (55 μg 6%)
- mango (38 μg 4%)
- pea (38 μg 4%)
- milk (28 μg 3%)
- tomatoes
- Seaweed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal
documents
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHO_NUT_98.4_eng.pdf
http://www.supernutritionusa.com/images/pdfs/VitaminALongVersion.pdf
- ^ Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20 USDA, Feb. 2008
- ^ Jump up to: a b Chapter 4, Vitamin A
- “Alleviation of vitamin A deficiency with palm fruit and its products”
- UNICEF, Vitamin A Supplementation: A Decade of Progress
-
- UNICEF, Vitamin A Supplementation: A Decade of Progress, UNICEF, New York, 2007.
- Flour Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, USAID, The World Bank, UNICEF, Investing in the Future: A United Call to Action on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies, 2009.
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